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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of heavy metals in seafood is crucial for food safety and environmental monitoring.
  • Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal of concern in marine ecosystems and human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the inter-laboratory variability and method agreement for cadmium (Cd) analysis in cod tissue.
  • To identify potential sources of error in cadmium determination, particularly for biologically bound forms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cod portions for cadmium content by eight different laboratories.
  • Comparison of results using various analytical techniques, including atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, and argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
  • Spiking experiments to evaluate method performance at elevated cadmium levels.

Main Results:

  • Significant lack of agreement among laboratories and methods for cadmium analysis in cod.
  • Consistent results for low, biologically bound cadmium were reported by only three laboratories (mean 0.323 ppm, CV 38%).
  • Improved agreement was observed when cod samples were spiked with cadmium acetate (mean 71.2 ppm, CV 13%), with six laboratories reporting accurate results.
  • Loss of cadmium during dry ashing was identified as a potential cause for inconsistency.

Conclusions:

  • Determining biologically bound cadmium in cod tissue presents significant analytical challenges.
  • Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and neutron activation analysis generally yielded more accurate results compared to argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
  • Standardization of methods and sample preparation, particularly regarding dry ashing, is needed for reliable cadmium analysis in fish tissue.