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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes
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SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling controls Notch-responsive enhancer accessibility.

Zoe Pillidge1, Sarah J Bray2

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

EMBO Reports
|March 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Notch signaling controls cell fate by regulating gene expression. The Brahma SWI/SNF complex is crucial for enhancer accessibility and the transcriptional response to Notch signaling, involving histone variant H3.3 and nucleosome turnover.

Keywords:
DrosophilaNotchSWI/SNFhistone H3.3nucleosome turnover

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Notch signaling is vital for cell fate determination during development.
  • CSL (Suppressor of Hairless in Drosophila) is the transcription factor mediating Notch signaling.
  • Chromatin state of enhancers influences Notch target gene activation, but regulatory mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones in Notch-mediated enhancer accessibility.
  • To identify factors required for Su(H) binding to enhancers in response to Notch signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone variant H3.3 enrichment.
  • Investigating the requirement of chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones.
  • Assessing changes in enhancer accessibility and Su(H) binding.

Main Results:

  • Notch signaling increases histone variant H3.3 at responsive enhancers.
  • The Brahma SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, including BAP55, is essential for enhancer accessibility and Su(H) binding.
  • Notch-responsive enhancers exhibit high nucleosome turnover, dependent on the Brahma complex and H3.3.

Conclusions:

  • SWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome turnover is critical for Notch signaling to regulate gene expression.
  • This mechanism ensures enhancers are accessible for transcription factor binding, directing cell fate decisions.