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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Fast and Selective Post-polymerization Modification of Conjugated Polymers Using Dimethyldioxirane.

Emmanuel Reichsöllner1, Adam Creamer2, Shengyu Cong2

  • 1Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|March 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Oxidizing thioalkyl groups on conjugated polymers creates electron-deficient materials in minutes. This selective dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) reaction offers a fast route to new organic electronic materials, including potential electron acceptors for solar cells.

Keywords:
F8BTPCDTBTconjugated polymersorganic electronicsoxidationpost-polymerization modificationsulfonesulfoxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Functional group modification of conjugated polymers significantly impacts material properties.
  • Oxidation of electron-donating thioalkyl groups to electron-withdrawing sulfoxides/sulfones is a known but understudied modification for organic electronics.
  • Key questions regarding selectivity and reaction kinetics for this modification in conjugated polymers remained unaddressed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the selective oxidation of thioalkyl substituents on conjugated polymers for organic electronics.
  • To determine the reaction time and efficiency of this modification using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO).
  • To explore the potential of this method for creating electron-deficient conjugated polymers and electron acceptors.

Main Methods:

  • Oxidation of thioalkyl substituents on poly(9-(1-octylnonyl)carbazole-alt-4,7-dithienylbenzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO).
  • Confirmation of selectivity through comparison with polymers derived from pre-oxidized monomers and control polymers lacking thioalkyl groups.
  • Analysis of reaction completion time and side products.

Main Results:

  • The oxidation reaction using DMDO is highly selective and completes within minutes.
  • The method effectively converts electron-donating thioalkyl groups to electron-withdrawing sulfoxides/sulfones on PCDTBT and F8BT.
  • Acetone is the sole byproduct, simplifying purification to solvent evaporation.

Conclusions:

  • The oxidation of thioalkyl substituents using DMDO is a rapid and selective method for modifying conjugated polymers.
  • This technique provides a facile route to electron-deficient conjugated polymers.
  • The method holds promise for the direct preparation of electron acceptors for organic solar cells from electron donor polymers.