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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Liquid Biopsy in Solid Malignancy.

Matthew Scarlotta1, Cem Simsek2, Amy K Kim2

  • 11 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid biopsies, analyzing biofluids for cancer markers, offer a promising alternative to tissue biopsies. This review explores circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor DNA for cancer management.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomolecular analysis

Background:

  • Tissue biopsies are standard for cancer management, but minimally invasive methods are emerging.
  • Targeted therapies are increasing the need for precise diagnostic and prognostic tools.
  • Liquid biopsies analyze biofluids for cancer-derived material, offering a potential alternative to tissue biopsies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applicability of three key liquid biopsy methods in cancer management and research.
  • To provide a landscape view of circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor DNA.
  • To highlight the potential of liquid biopsies as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature focusing on circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
  • Review of scientific literature focusing on extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • Review of scientific literature focusing on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).

Main Results:

  • Proof-of-concept and pilot studies demonstrate the clinical potential of liquid biopsies.
  • CTCs, EVs, and ctDNA show promise as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers.
  • Liquid biopsies can serve as a surrogate for conventional solid biopsies in cancer assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid biopsy technologies are advancing, with significant potential to complement or replace tissue biopsies.
  • The clinical utility of circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor DNA is expanding in cancer care.
  • Further research and validation are crucial for the widespread adoption of liquid biopsies in oncology.