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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Functional selenium modified microgels: temperature-induced phase transitions and network morphology.

Kok H Tan1, Dan E Demco, Radu Fechete

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Selenium-functionalized poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) microgels were developed to mimic glutathione peroxidase. These dual crosslinked microgels exhibit tunable properties for biotechnological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Microgels hosting selenium are of significant interest for catalytic and biotechnological uses.
  • Mimicking glutathione peroxidase is a key goal for selenium-based biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate selenium-functionalized thermoresponsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgels with cleavable diselenide crosslinks.
  • To characterize the thermodynamic and morphological parameters of these dual crosslinked microgels during temperature-induced phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic light scattering (DLS) for phase transition analysis.
  • 1H high-resolution magic-angle sample-spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy.
  • Transverse magnetization (T2) NMR relaxometry for morphology and chain dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Thermodynamic parameters (transition temperature, entropy, width) were quantified using theoretical models.
  • Morphology and crosslink density of selenium-modified microgels were correlated using 1H T2 NMR.
  • Chain dynamics and polymer volume fraction were analyzed in relation to microgel collapse.

Conclusions:

  • Dual crosslinked PVCL microgels with cleavable diselenide bonds offer tunable thermoresponsive behavior.
  • The developed microgels show potential for mimicking glutathione peroxidase activity.
  • These selenium-functionalized microgels are promising for advanced biotechnological and catalytic applications.