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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.9K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.8K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.0K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.9K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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First-principles study of order-disorder transitions in multicomponent solid-solution alloys.

Markus Eisenbach1, Zongrui Pei2, Xianglin Liu2

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This review covers recent advancements in understanding order-disorder transitions in metallic materials, especially high-entropy alloys, driven by computational power and alloy complexity.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Order-disorder transitions are fundamental phenomena in metallic materials.
  • High-entropy alloys present unique challenges and opportunities for studying these transitions.
  • Historical context of ordering transitions research is established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in first-principles methodologies for ordering transitions.
  • To highlight the application of these methods to multi-component alloys, particularly high-entropy alloys.
  • To connect ordering transitions with broader physical properties of alloys.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles methodologies including KKR-CPA and supercell methods for energetic calculations.
  • Thermodynamic and statistical methods for computing transition temperatures.
  • Review of representative applications and their results in various alloys.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in computational approaches for modeling ordering transitions.
  • Successful application of these methods to complex multi-component and high-entropy alloys.
  • Demonstrated correlations between ordering transitions and mechanical properties.

Conclusions:

  • First-principles methods are powerful tools for understanding ordering phenomena in alloys.
  • Advancements in algorithms and hardware have accelerated research in this field.
  • Future research directions include further exploration of alloy complexity and property relationships.