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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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The long noncoding RNA ROCKI regulates inflammatory gene expression.

Qiong Zhang1, Ti-Chun Chao1, Veena S Patil1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

The EMBO Journal
|March 29, 2019
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Summary

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate innate immunity by controlling gene expression. A newly identified lncRNA, ROCKI, acts as a master regulator of inflammation by modulating cytokine responses and reducing disease risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate innate immune responses.
  • Understanding lncRNA function in immunity is crucial for disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify cis-acting lncRNAs involved in TLR-stimulated innate immunity.
  • Elucidate the regulatory mechanism of a novel lncRNA, ROCKI.
  • Investigate the role of ROCKI in inflammatory responses and disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide expression analysis of TLR-stimulated human macrophages.
  • Identification and functional characterization of cis-acting lncRNA-gene pairs.
  • Biochemical assays to determine ROCKI-APEX1-HDAC1 complex formation and epigenetic modifications.

Main Results:

  • 229 cis-acting lncRNA-protein-coding gene pairs were identified in innate immunity.
  • ROCKI (lnc-MARCKS) was identified as a master regulator of inflammatory responses.
  • ROCKI-APEX1 recruited HDAC1 to the MARCKS promoter, reducing transcription and inflammatory gene expression.
  • Genetic variants in ROCKI correlated with reduced risk of inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Cis-acting lncRNAs play a significant role in TLR signaling and innate immunity.
  • ROCKI is a critical regulator of inflammatory gene expression and cytokine responses.
  • ROCKI represents a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory and infectious diseases.