Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
Published on: February 28, 2013
The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on human milk macronutrients content
Dana Shapira1,2, Dror Mandel3,4, Francis B Mimouni2,5
1Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Objective:
To test the null hypothesis that human milk (HM) macronutrients (fat, lactose, protein) and caloric content in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is similar to that of women without GDM.
Study Design:
Sixty-two lactating mothers (31 GDM, 31 no-GDM) were studied after confirmation by 100-g oral glucose tolerance test. Each mother contributed three manually expressed HM samples (within 72 h after labor (colostrum), after 7 days (transitional) and at 14 days (mature)). Analysis was done by infrared transmission spectroscopy.
Results:
Non-GDM and GDM groups did not differ by maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, height, diet, pregnancy weight gain, gestational age, and infant birth weight. Macronutrients content in colostrum and transitional milk did not differ between groups. Fat and energy contents in mature HM were higher in non-GDM samples than in GDM samples (p = 0.07 and p < 0.02, respectively).
Conclusion:
Fat and energy content of mature HM obtained from mothers with GDM is lower compared to that of mature HM from mothers without GDM.
Related Concept Videos
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
Stereotype Content Model
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

