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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals.

Bing Li1, Yukinobu Kawakita2, Seiko Ohira-Kawamura2

  • 1Shenyang National Laboratory (SYNL) for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. bingli@imr.ac.cn.

Nature
|March 29, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered colossal barocaloric effects (CBCEs) in plastic crystals, offering a promising alternative to conventional refrigeration. This breakthrough in solid-state cooling utilizes pressure-induced transitions for efficient, eco-friendly cooling technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Refrigeration is crucial for food storage and air conditioning, consuming 25-30% of global electricity.
  • Conventional vapor compression refrigeration relies on materials with high global warming potential.
  • Solid-state caloric effects offer a promising, environmentally friendlier alternative but face performance limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate colossal barocaloric effects (CBCEs) in plastic crystals as a novel solid-state refrigeration mechanism.
  • To identify the microscopic origins of CBCEs in these disordered solids.
  • To assess the potential of plastic crystals for next-generation, high-performance refrigeration technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of barocaloric effects in plastic crystals.
  • Characterization of entropy changes in neopentylglycol near room temperature.
  • Pressure-dependent neutron scattering measurements to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Reported colossal barocaloric effects (CBCEs) in plastic crystals, with entropy changes of ~389 J/kg·K in neopentylglycol.
  • Identified extensive molecular orientational disorder, giant compressibility, and anharmonic lattice dynamics as key contributors to CBCEs.
  • Established a microscopic understanding of pressure-induced phase transitions driving these effects.

Conclusions:

  • Plastic crystals exhibit significant barocaloric effects, driven by unique material properties.
  • The findings provide a pathway for developing advanced solid-state refrigeration systems.
  • This research addresses the limitations of current caloric materials and environmental concerns of conventional refrigeration.