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Related Concept Videos

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

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Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees
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Phytobiomes are compositionally nested from the ground up.

Anthony S Amend1, Gerald M Cobian1, Aki J Laruson2

  • 1Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America.

Peerj
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant microbes are recruited from the environment, with bacterial communities strongly varying by plant part, not location. This suggests microbes assemble from the ground up, with reproductive parts hosting the least diversity.

Keywords:
16SIsolation by distanceNestednessPhytobiomesPlant microbiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Ecology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Plant-associated microbes significantly impact host health and productivity.
  • Most plant microbes originate from the surrounding environment, yet assembly processes remain poorly understood.
  • Understanding microbial recruitment is crucial for plant science and ecology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bacterial distribution across different plant parts and spatial gradients.
  • To determine factors influencing microbial community assembly on plants in nature.
  • To elucidate the origins and determinants of plant-associated microbes.

Main Methods:

  • Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on plant surfaces and adjacent soil.
  • Samples were collected from six plant parts of *Scaevola taccada* along a coastal transect and a single intensive site.
  • Comparative analysis of microbial communities across plant parts and geographical locations was conducted.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial communities were more distinctly partitioned by plant part than by geographical location.
  • Plant-associated microbial communities exhibited a highly nested structure.
  • Soil and rhizosphere communities harbored a substantial portion of overall microbial diversity, with reproductive parts showing the least.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial assembly on plants may follow a source-sink gradient from the soil upwards.
  • Assembly processes could be linked to plant traits like tissue persistence, which are vertically stratified.
  • This study provides insights into plant-microbe interactions at both plant and landscape scales.