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Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates and Cylindrical Coordinates01:21

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Understanding the motion of particles is a fundamental aspect of classical mechanics, and the choice of the coordinate system plays a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of their dynamics.
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Spherical Coordinates01:23

Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical coordinate systems are preferred over Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates for systems with spherical symmetry. For example, to describe the surface of a sphere, Cartesian coordinates require all three coordinates. On the other hand, the spherical coordinate system requires only one parameter: the sphere's radius. As a result, the complicated mathematical calculations become simple. Spherical coordinates are used in science and engineering applications like electric and...
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[Radiotherapy after tumour prostheses-status, indication, coordination].

M Niewald1, P Melchior2, Y Dzierma2

  • 1Klinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. marcus.niewald@uks.eu.

Der Orthopade
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Radiotherapy for bone sarcomas with complex prostheses requires careful planning due to metal implant interactions. Interdisciplinary treatment significantly improves prognosis and limb function for these patients.

Keywords:
ArtefactsDosage, radiotherapyEwing sarcomaImplants, artificialOsteosarcoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Complex tumor prostheses are frequently used in patients requiring radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy.
  • Bone sarcomas, including Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, often necessitate prosthetic reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review tumor diagnoses, indications, and radiotherapy procedures for bone sarcomas with complex prostheses.
  • To examine the interactions between metal prostheses and radiation, and potential complications.
  • To assess the prognosis of radiotherapy within an interdisciplinary treatment framework.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search.
  • Synthesis of personal clinical experience.

Main Results:

  • Radiotherapy is standard for Ewing sarcoma but used selectively for osteosarcoma.
  • Metal implants can cause artifacts in CT imaging and interact with radiation beams, complicating treatment planning.
  • While debated, evidence suggests prostheses implanted after radiotherapy may have higher complication rates.
  • Multidisciplinary care markedly improves patient prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Interdisciplinary treatment combining surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy offers a favorable prognosis for bone sarcoma patients.
  • Acceptable limb functionality can be anticipated following this integrated treatment approach.