Genetics and the heart rate response to exercise.

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Physiology
• Human Genetics
• Exercise Science

Background:

• The heart rate response to exercise (acute and long-term) is linked to mortality.
• This response is known to be heritable, suggesting genetic underpinnings.
• Understanding these genetic factors can reveal mechanisms behind individual differences in exercise response.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review genetic studies (candidate gene, linkage, GWAS) on heart rate response to exercise.
• To identify genes associated with acute and long-term heart rate changes during and after exercise.
• To categorize identified genes based on their potential biological functions.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature search of candidate gene, linkage, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs).
• Analysis of genes associated with acute heart rate increase and recovery.
• Identification and categorization of genes linked to long-term heart rate modifications.

Main Results:

• Ten genes linked to acute heart rate response in candidate gene studies.
• GWASs identified 17 genes for heart rate increase and 26 for recovery; 9 genes affected both.
• Genes categorized into nervous system development, neuronal lifespan, cardiac development, and cardiac rhythm.
• 10 additional genes linked to long-term heart rate response modifications.

Conclusions:

• Genetic analysis reveals multiple genes influencing the heart rate response to exercise.
• Identified genes provide potential molecular targets for understanding interindividual variability.
• Further research is needed to elucidate gene functions and translate findings into clinical applications.