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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice
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Ensemble coding of memory strength in recognition tests.

Chad Dubé1, Ke Tong2, Holly Westfall3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, PCD 4118G, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620-7200, USA. chaddube@usf.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recognition memory decisions may be influenced by random variability. This study tests the assumption that participants average memory strength in ensemble recognition tasks, finding evidence for this aggregation hypothesis but unclear mechanisms.

Keywords:
EnsembleRecognition memorySignal detectionSummary statistical representationVisual perception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory
  • Signal Detection Theory

Background:

  • Recognition memory decisions are thought to be affected by random variability in decision criteria.
  • Noisy Decision Theory of Signal Detection (NDT) explains anomalies in recognition literature using ensemble recognition tasks.
  • Debate exists regarding NDT assumptions about fixed criteria across ensembles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the assumption that participants calculate average memory strength in ensemble recognition tasks.
  • To test the plausibility of the aggregation hypothesis using empirical evidence.
  • To clarify the mechanisms and strategies underlying average probe memory strength estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evidence for summary statistical representation in perception and memory.
  • Three experiments utilizing the direct ratings procedure.
  • Analysis of recognition memory decisions in an ensemble recognition task.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the plausibility of summary statistical representation in memory.
  • Participants appear capable of estimating average probe memory strength at test.
  • The specific mechanisms and strategies employed remain undetermined.

Conclusions:

  • The aggregation hypothesis, central to NDT in ensemble tasks, is supported by empirical findings.
  • Participants can generate estimates of average memory strength, aligning with NDT assumptions.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the cognitive processes involved in this estimation.