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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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What is Population Genetics?01:25

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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Population Growth00:57

Population Growth

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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
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Overview
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Conservation of Declining Populations02:07

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Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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Testing a Claim about Mean: Known Population SD01:11

Testing a Claim about Mean: Known Population SD

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A complete procedure of testing the hypothesis about a population mean is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be distributed normally. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. The sample size needed to be higher than 30, and most importantly, the population standard deviation should be already known.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
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Deciphering Endothelial Dysfunction in the HIV-Infected Population.

Genevieve Mezoh1, Nigel J Crowther2,3

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa. mezohg@yahoo.fr.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Assessing endothelial function is crucial for HIV patients at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review explores non-invasive methods and blood biomarkers for early CVD detection in HIV.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCardiovascular diseaseEndothelial dysfunctionHIVInflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant concern for HIV-infected individuals, even with effective antiretroviral therapy.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor contributing to CVD in this population.
  • Current methods for assessing endothelial function in HIV patients lack consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current non-invasive techniques for evaluating endothelial function in HIV-infected patients.
  • To highlight promising blood-based biomarkers for assessing endothelial dysfunction.
  • To emphasize the need for accessible diagnostic tools in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of non-invasive endothelial function assessment strategies.
  • Analysis of proposed blood-based biomarkers including E-selectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, vWF, TNF-α, IL6, and sTM.
  • Focus on biomarkers suitable for point-of-care testing.

Main Results:

  • Various non-invasive methods exist for assessing endothelial function, but results can be inconsistent.
  • Several blood biomarkers show potential for indicating endothelial dysfunction in HIV.
  • Point-of-care assays for these biomarkers could improve CVD risk assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Routine assessment of endothelial function is recommended for HIV patients to mitigate CVD risk.
  • Development of reliable blood-based biomarkers is essential for early detection and management.
  • Point-of-care testing offers a viable solution for widespread application, particularly in high HIV prevalence regions.