Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.5K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
23.5K
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

650
Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
650
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

1.4K
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
1.4K
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

1.6K
Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
1.6K
Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

139.6K
Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...
139.6K
Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

46.9K
Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...
46.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Immunogenicity and safety of a pentavalent meningococcal MenABCWY vaccine in healthy adolescents and young adults: a phase 3, multicountry, randomised, observer-blinded, active-controlled non-inferiority trial.

The Lancet. Child & adolescent health·2026
Same author

Epigenetic regulation of fruit shape determination by the JAGGED gene in Capsella rubella.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Investigating the Impact of Host Genetics on the Risk of Disease Progression in Individuals With Influenza.

Immunity, inflammation and disease·2026
Same author

Procalcitonin compared to C-reactive protein and leukocyte count. A comparative analysis of baseline markers of bacterial co-infection in patients admitted with a viral respiratory tract infection. A retrospective observational cohort study.

Infectious diseases (London, England)·2026
Same author

A syngeneic glioblastoma mouse model with mesenchymal hallmarks.

Neuroscience·2026
Same author

Implications of empirical testing and treatment for atypical bacteria in patients hospitalized with COVID, influenza, or RSV: a retrospective observational cohort study.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes
10:56

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Published on: September 15, 2018

8.5K

cAIMP administration in humanized mice induces a chimerization-level-dependent STING response.

Anna H F Andersen1,2, Rikke Olesen1,2, Kasper L Jønsson3

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Immunology
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Humanized NOG mice effectively model the human STING pathway, crucial for innate immunity. These mice show human-like STING responses to cGAMP analogues, validating their use in research.

Keywords:
cGAMPhumanized miceinflammationinnate immunologymonocytes

More Related Videos

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice
11:25

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

Published on: April 1, 2015

14.0K
The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice
12:27

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

Published on: April 2, 2014

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes
10:56

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Published on: September 15, 2018

8.5K
Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice
11:25

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

Published on: April 1, 2015

14.0K
The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice
12:27

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

Published on: April 2, 2014

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The STING (stimulator of interferon genes) signalling pathway is vital for innate immunity against pathogens.
  • Human and mouse STING pathways differ, notably with mice lacking IFI16, important in the human pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate humanized NOG mice as a model for studying the human STING signalling cascade in vivo.
  • To compare human and mouse STING pathway kinetics and responses.

Main Methods:

  • Humanized NOG mice were generated by reconstituting NOG mice with human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Mice were treated with a cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP analogue to assess STING pathway activation.
  • STING expression, immune cell populations (monocytes), and responses were analyzed in lung and spleen tissues.

Main Results:

  • Humanized NOG mice demonstrated human-like STING signalling responses to the cGAMP analogue.
  • Monocyte proportions increased in the lungs post-treatment.
  • Highest STING expression and responses correlated with greater human cell chimerization.
  • Tissue-specific differences in STING activation/degradation were observed between lung and spleen.
  • Mouse cells in immunodeficient NOG mice showed distinct kinetics of response compared to human cells.

Conclusions:

  • Humanized NOG mice are a valuable experimental platform for investigating human STING responses in vivo.
  • The model allows for the study of human STING pathway activation and its tissue-specific dynamics.