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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

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Carbamate Synthesis Using a Shelf-Stable and Renewable C1 Reactant.

Zoltán Dobi1, B Narendraprasad Reddy1, Evelien Renders1

  • 1Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.

Chemsuschem
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces 4-propylcatechol carbonate, a sustainable reactant for synthesizing carbamates. This renewable chemical offers a mild, two-step process with recyclable byproducts, advancing green chemistry.

Keywords:
C1 building blocksacid catalystscarbamatesrenewable resourceszinc

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Renewable Feedstocks

Background:

  • 4-Propylcatechol carbonate is a stable, renewable C1 reactant.
  • It is synthesized from wood-derived 4-propylcatechol and CO2-derived dimethyl carbonate.
  • Reactive distillation facilitates its efficient preparation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To utilize 4-propylcatechol carbonate for a two-step carbamate synthesis.
  • To achieve synthesis under mild reaction conditions.
  • To demonstrate the recyclability of the byproduct.

Main Methods:

  • A two-step reaction sequence was employed.
  • Step 1: Reaction of 4-propylcatechol carbonate with alcohols (50-80°C) using a Lewis acid catalyst (Zn(OAc)2·2H2O).
  • Step 2: Reaction of intermediate alkyl 2-hydroxy-propylphenyl carbonates with amines at room temperature in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.

Main Results:

  • The synthesis of carbamates was achieved under mild conditions.
  • The process yielded target carbamates and 4-propylcatechol as a byproduct.
  • The byproduct 4-propylcatechol can be recycled for reactant regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • 4-Propylcatechol carbonate is an effective and sustainable reactant for carbamate synthesis.
  • The developed method is efficient, operates under mild conditions, and incorporates a circular economy principle through byproduct recycling.
  • This approach contributes to greener synthetic strategies in organic chemistry.