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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Stratified Sampling Method01:16

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Laser Microdissection-Based Protocol for the LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Proteomic Profile of Neuromelanin Granules
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Simple Tip-Based Sample Processing Method for Urinary Proteomic Analysis.

David J Clark1, Yingwei Hu1, Michael Schnaubelt1

  • 1Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21231 , United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|March 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new C4-tip method simplifies urine proteome analysis for clinical settings. This mass spectrometry approach offers a robust, high-throughput strategy for discovering biomarkers in urological diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Urological proteomics
  • Clinical mass spectrometry
  • Biomarker discovery

Background:

  • Urinary proteomics holds promise for diagnosing and monitoring urological diseases.
  • Current methods face challenges due to interfering urine compounds, limiting clinical applicability.
  • Efficient sample preparation is crucial for reliable urinary proteome analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a simple, automated method for urinary proteome analysis.
  • To enable high-throughput mass spectrometry-based analysis of urine in a clinical setting.
  • To overcome limitations of existing sample preparation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the C4-tip method using reverse-phase resin tips.
  • Incorporation of "on-tip" protein digestion for streamlined sample processing.
  • Optimization of protein isolation and digestion conditions using bovine fetuin.
  • Application to clinical urine samples followed by LC-MS/MS analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 813 protein groups from the urinary proteome using the C4-tip method.
  • Demonstrated high reproducibility of the C4-tip method across multiple analyses.
  • Gene ontology cellular component distribution of identified proteins was comparable to ultrafiltration methods.

Conclusions:

  • The C4-tip method is a simple, robust, and automatable strategy for urinary proteome analysis.
  • This technique facilitates high-throughput mass spectrometry in the clinical setting.
  • The C4-tip method shows potential for biomarker discovery in urological diseases.