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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
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Nondisjunction01:29

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Regression Toward the Mean01:52

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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells
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Rare Tauopathies.

Farwa Ali1, Keith Josephs1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Seminars in Neurology
|March 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal tau protein. Advances in tau biomarkers and neuroimaging offer hope for accurate diagnosis and treatment of these rare brain disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Tauopathies are rare neurodegenerative disorders linked to the microtubule-associated protein tau.
  • Abnormal tau protein accumulation, due to overexpression or hyperphosphorylation, disrupts microtubule stability and forms toxic intracellular inclusions.
  • These pathologies underlie various sporadic and genetic disorders collectively termed tauopathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of tauopathies.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping clinical and neuropathological features.
  • To emphasize recent advancements in tau biomarker development for improved diagnosis and disease modification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of tau protein biology and pathology in neurodegeneration.
  • Analysis of neuropathological features differentiating tauopathies.

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  • Evaluation of recent progress in tau biomarker development, including PET neuroimaging radioligands.

    • Main Results:

    • Tauopathies are characterized by specific tau isoforms, inclusion types, and affected brain regions, but often show significant clinical phenotype overlap.
    • Interactions with other protein inclusions can further modify clinical presentation.
    • Development of tau radioligands and enhanced understanding of tau biology are crucial for diagnosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis and effective disease modification in tauopathies are still significant challenges.
    • Recent advances in tau biomarkers and neuroimaging represent critical steps toward achieving these goals.
    • Further research into tau pathology and biomarker development is essential for therapeutic advancements.