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Agent-Based Modelling for Simulation-Based Design of Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management Systems.

Adrian Mallory1, Martin Crapper2, Rochelle H Holm3

  • 1School of Water, Environment and Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK. A.Mallory@cranfield.ac.uk.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) can simulate complex faecal sludge (FS) reuse systems in urban Africa. This approach aids in designing sustainable sanitation solutions by integrating economic, social, and environmental factors.

Keywords:
agent-based modellingdesignfaecal sludgereusesub-Saharan Africasystem

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental engineering
  • Urban planning
  • Computational social science

Background:

  • Faecal sludge (FS) reuse offers potential for sustainable sanitation in urban sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Existing systems lack tools to model economic, social, and environmental factors in FS reuse.
  • Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) is proposed as a suitable simulation tool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate the utility of Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) for simulating faecal sludge (FS) management systems.
  • To investigate the adoption of composting toilets and the operation of municipal FS sites.
  • To inform the design of effective FS reuse strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive fieldwork in a Malawian city, including 65 semi-structured and 148 household interviews.
  • Development of two distinct Agent-Based Models (ABMs): one for composting toilets (Skyloo) and one for a municipal FS site.
  • Simulation of various scenarios, including business start-up capital, loan payback, dumping fees, and enforcement structures.

Main Results:

  • Fieldwork confirmed potential for expanded FS reuse, particularly for agricultural applications.
  • The Skyloo ABM highlighted the critical role of start-up capital for businesses.
  • The municipal FS Site ABM indicated current fee structures were ineffective against illegal dumping, but a permit system could increase revenue.

Conclusions:

  • Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) provides a novel framework for simulation-based design of faecal sludge (FS) management systems.
  • ABM effectively integrates complex social, economic, and environmental factors into system design.
  • The study demonstrates ABM's potential for optimizing sanitation solutions in urbanizing regions.