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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Resistivity01:22

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Gene Therapy00:59

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Author Spotlight: Exploring Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin in a Murine Model for Oral Candidiasis
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Therapy resistance mediated by exosomes.

Teresa Bernadette Steinbichler1, József Dudás1, Sergej Skvortsov2,3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Molecular Cancer
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Exosomes, tiny vesicles, can cause cancer therapy resistance by transferring molecules between cells. Researchers are exploring their use in drug delivery for cancer treatment.

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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Therapy resistance in cancer is a major clinical challenge, arising from intrinsic cellular changes or extrinsic tumor microenvironment interactions.
  • Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles, mediate intercellular communication and play a role in developing extrinsic therapy resistance.
  • Exosomes facilitate resistance by transferring molecules like mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and proteins, influencing pathways such as anti-apoptotic signaling and DNA repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which exosomes contribute to cancer therapy resistance.
  • To explore the potential of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for anticancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of exosome composition (mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, DNA).
  • Investigating exosome-mediated intercellular transfer of resistance-associated molecules.
  • Studying the role of exosomes in tumor-stroma interactions and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
  • Evaluating exosome-based drug and RNA delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes transfer molecules that induce anti-apoptotic signaling, enhance DNA repair, and deliver drug efflux pumps (ABC transporters) to sensitive cells, promoting extrinsic therapy resistance.
  • Exosomes mediate tumor-stroma interactions and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, further contributing to environment-mediated therapy resistance.
  • Exosomes demonstrate potential for delivering anticancer drugs and RNAs, potentially reducing drug immunogenicity and improving cell membrane penetration.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are key mediators of extrinsic therapy resistance in cancer.
  • Exosomes offer a promising platform for developing novel anticancer drug and gene delivery strategies.