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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
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Exosome-orchestrated hypoxic tumor microenvironment.

Wanrong Meng1, Yaying Hao1, Chuanshi He1

  • 1Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.

Molecular Cancer
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxic tumors rely on exosomes for communication between cancer and stromal cells. This intercellular signaling influences tumor adaptation and treatment response in the challenging tumor microenvironment.

Keywords:
ExosomeExtracellular vesicleHypoxiaNon-coding RNATumor microenvironmentmiRNA

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Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hypoxic tumor microenvironment is linked to cancer aggressiveness and poor outcomes.
  • Interactions between cancer and stromal cells in hypoxia are crucial for tumor development and treatment response.
  • Exosomes, once viewed as cellular waste, are now recognized as key mediators of intercellular communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on exosome-mediated signaling within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
  • To elucidate the role of exosomes in regulating hypoxia adaptation and microenvironment remodeling.
  • To discuss multi-directional communication among diverse cell types in hypoxic tumors via exosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating exosome function in cancer.
  • Analysis of exosome cargo (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites).
  • Examination of exosome-mediated interactions between cancer cells, stromal cells, and other microenvironment components.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes facilitate continuous interference between cancer cells and stromal cells in hypoxic conditions.
  • Exosome cargo plays a role in regulating hypoxia adaptation.
  • Exosomes contribute to the rebuilding and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are critical players in the complex communication network within hypoxic tumors.
  • Exosome-mediated signaling influences tumor progression and therapeutic strategies.
  • Understanding exosome functions offers potential for novel cancer treatment approaches.