Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

49.0K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
49.0K
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

41.7K
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
41.7K
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

3.7K
Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
3.7K
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

74.1K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
74.1K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

25.0K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
25.0K
Complement System01:27

Complement System

9.9K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
9.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of single-chain C1q affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry for the glycoform-resolved characterization of low-affinity immunoglobulin G interactions.

mAbs·2026
Same author

TRIM21 induces selective autophagy of viruses and bacteria.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

Underutilization of syndrome-specific ICD-10 codes for genetic epilepsies: Implications for precision medicine.

Epilepsia·2026
Same author

Publisher Correction: Targeting of NAT10 enhances healthspan in a mouse model of human accelerated aging syndrome.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Mechanistic insights into lenacapavir-induced off-pathway HIV-1 capsid assembly.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Vaccine-induced antibodies can limit <i>Salmonella</i> infection in the absence of complement or macrophages.

mBio·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity
12:57

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Published on: November 16, 2017

8.6K

Complement C4 Prevents Viral Infection through Capsid Inactivation.

Maria Bottermann1, Stian Foss2, Sarah L Caddy1

  • 1Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.

Cell Host & Microbe
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The complement system

Keywords:
TRIM21adenoviruscomplementcomplement C4complement-mediated neutralizationgene therapyhost-pathogenhumoral immunityneutralizing antibodiesnon-enveloped virus

More Related Videos

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Capsid Variants
09:20

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Capsid Variants

Published on: October 18, 2022

5.2K
Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity
12:57

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Published on: November 16, 2017

8.6K
Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Capsid Variants
09:20

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Capsid Variants

Published on: October 18, 2022

5.2K
Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The complement system is crucial for innate immunity and pathogen clearance.
  • The classical complement pathway, initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, involves sequential cleavage of C1, C4, C2, C3, and C5.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel antiviral mechanism mediated by the complement system.
  • To elucidate the role of complement component C4 in inhibiting adenovirus infection.
  • To explore the potential of complement modulation for antiviral therapies and gene therapy enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Demonstration of C4-dependent antiviral activity.
  • Investigation of C4 activation and deposition on viral capsids.
  • Assessment of C4b's inhibitory effect on viral disassembly and endosomal escape.
  • Evaluation of viral burdens in C4-deficient mice.
  • Analysis of complement synergy with TRIM21 in adenovirus gene therapy vectors.

Main Results:

  • Complement component C4 inhibits human adenovirus infection by directly inactivating the virus capsid.
  • C4 activation and C4b deposition on the capsid are antibody-dependent via the classical pathway.
  • C4b-mediated neutralization is independent of C2 and C3 but requires C1q and antibody engagement.
  • C4b inhibits capsid disassembly, preventing viral endosomal escape and cytosolic entry.
  • C4-deficient mice show increased viral loads, and complement enhances adenovirus gene therapy efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • A novel C4-dependent antiviral mechanism is identified, independent of downstream complement components.
  • Complement component C4 directly inactivates adenovirus by inhibiting capsid disassembly.
  • Targeting the complement system offers a promising strategy for preventing viral infections and improving gene therapy outcomes.