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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

217.3K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

6.3K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
6.3K
Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

5.1K
ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
5.1K
Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.2K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
1.2K
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

31.2K
Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
31.2K
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

5.5K
Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
5.5K

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Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents
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Checking in on Lenalidomide in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma.

Mendel Goldfinger1, Mina Xu2, Joseph R Bertino1

  • 1Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.

Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lenalidomide shows moderate effectiveness in recurrent diffuse large B cell lymphoma, particularly in activated B cell types. Further trials are evaluating its use with R/CHOP and in specific patient groups.

Keywords:
Activated B-cellCell of originGerminal centerPDL-1Revlimid

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • Activated B cell (ABC) subtype of DLBCL is driven by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB).
  • Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug with known activity in certain hematologic malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of lenalidomide in recurrent diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
  • To explore lenalidomide's efficacy in different DLBCL subtypes and clinical settings.
  • To identify potential future applications of lenalidomide in DLBCL treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of retrospective series and prospective studies on lenalidomide in DLBCL.
  • Analysis of response rates and patient subgroups, particularly activated B cell lymphoma.
  • Evaluation of ongoing and planned clinical trials involving lenalidomide.

Main Results:

  • Lenalidomide demonstrates modest single-agent activity (19-28% response rates) in recurrent DLBCL.
  • Responses appear concentrated in patients with activated B cell (ABC) lymphoma, correlating with NF-κB inhibition.
  • Lenalidomide shows potential in maintenance therapy and for patients ineligible for transplantation.
  • Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier suggests exploration in CNS-risk DLBCL.

Conclusions:

  • Lenalidomide has a role in recurrent DLBCL, especially the ABC subtype.
  • Ongoing trials will clarify its benefit in combination with R/CHOP and other agents.
  • Lenalidomide may be valuable in specific patient populations, including those with CNS involvement.