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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Myeloid malignancies after treatment for solid tumours.

Guru Subramanian Guru Murthy1, Sameem Abedin2

  • 1Division of Haematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Instructor of Medicine, 9200 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
|April 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Chemotherapy and radiation improve cancer cure rates but can lead to therapy-related myeloid malignancies (T-MN). Certain treatments and cancers increase the risk for these secondary blood cancers.

Keywords:
Acute myeloid leukaemiaMyelodysplastic syndromeSecondary myeloid neoplasm

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Cancer Treatment

Background:

  • Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have significantly improved cure rates for various solid tumors.
  • Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy can increase the risk of developing secondary myeloid malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify characteristic findings and risk factors associated with therapy-related myeloid malignancies (T-MN).
  • To highlight patient populations at higher risk for T-MN.

Main Methods:

  • Review of characteristic findings in therapy-related myeloid malignancies.
  • Analysis of risk factors including treatment agents (alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, platinum) and specific cancer types.

Main Results:

  • Therapy-related myeloid malignancies typically arise within 10 years of treatment and affect younger patients.
  • Patients treated with alkylating agents or topoisomerase II inhibitors, particularly for bone/soft tissue cancers, testicular cancer, anal cancer, and brain tumors, are at highest risk.
  • Emerging risk factors include prior platinum exposure and G-CSF support during chemotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the risk factors for T-MN is crucial for patient monitoring and management.
  • Certain cancer types and treatment regimens necessitate careful consideration of secondary malignancy risks.