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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

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Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
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One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes01:15

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One-Way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples with equal or unequal sample sizes. When one-way ANOVA is performed on two datasets with samples of equal sizes, it can be easily observed that the computed F statistic is highly sensitive to the sample mean.
Different sample means can result in different values for the variance estimate: variance between samples. This is because the variance between samples is calculated as the product of the sample size and the variance between the...
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One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes01:15

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One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:
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Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
Surface Area
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid
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Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid

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Effect of cell sample size in atomic force microscopy nanoindentation.

Stefania Marcotti1, Gwendolen C Reilly2, Damien Lacroix3

  • 1Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Determining the right number of cells for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation is crucial for reliable results. This study developed an open-source tool to estimate sample sizes, suggesting 21 or 83 cells for 10% or 5% variation, respectively.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyBone cellsNanoindentationSample size

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Mechanics
  • Experimental Design

Background:

  • Single-cell technologies enable detailed cell characteristic analysis.
  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation is key for studying single cell mechanical properties.
  • Adequate statistical power, often overlooked, is vital for reliable AFM experimental results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a tool for estimating sample size in AFM nanoindentation experiments on single cells.
  • To address the common issue of arbitrarily set sample sizes in AFM studies.
  • To provide guidelines for optimizing AFM experimental design.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective approach using a large dataset of experimental measurements on four bone cell types.
  • Building saturation curves with increasing sample sizes via bootstrap resampling.
  • Analyzing the decay of the coefficient of variation (CV%) as a function of sample size.

Main Results:

  • The coefficient of variation (CV%) decayed according to the function y = ax^b across tested samples.
  • Estimated sample sizes required were 21 cells for a 10% CV% threshold and 83 cells for a 5% CV% threshold.
  • The parameters of the decay function were similar for all tested cell types and protocols.

Conclusions:

  • A novel tool for sample size estimation in AFM nanoindentation experiments has been developed.
  • The tool, available as an open-source repository, aids in designing statistically robust AFM studies.
  • Recommended sample sizes ensure reliable mechanical property measurements for bone cells using AFM.