Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026
09:46
Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
Published on: August 19, 2013
16.0K
Stresses and Strains in Cruciform Samples Deformed in Tension
M V Upadhyay1, T Panzner2, S Van Petegem1
11Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
Experimental Mechanics
|April 2, 2019
Summary
This study compares six cruciform geometries for stress and strain analysis. Modified ISO geometries with thinned areas and slits reduce plastic strain and non-linear coupling for better material testing.
Area of Science:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Materials Science
- Computational Mechanics
Background:
- Understanding stress and strain distribution is crucial for material testing.
- Cruciform geometries are commonly used for biaxial testing.
- Optimizing gauge region design is essential for accurate material characterization.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the stress and strain relationship in various cruciform geometries.
- To compare the performance of ISO standard, thinned gauge, and modified geometries under uniaxial loading.
- To identify geometry selection criteria for minimizing non-linear coupling in biaxial testing.
Main Methods:
- Finite element simulations were employed to analyze six distinct cruciform geometries.
- Simulations focused on uniaxial loading conditions.
- Key parameters analyzed included plastic strain, von Mises stress distribution, and in-plane stress evolution.
Main Results:
- ISO standard geometries with slits demonstrated reduced plastic strain in the gauge region.
- Other cruciform geometries exhibited strong non-linear coupling between applied forces and gauge stresses.
- The non-linear coupling was found to be dependent on geometry type, biaxial load ratio, and material properties.
Conclusions:
- Specific cruciform geometries, particularly modified ISO types, can effectively minimize plastic strain.
- Geometry selection plays a critical role in managing non-linear coupling during biaxial material testing.
- Proposed criteria can guide the selection of optimal cruciform geometries for enhanced material testing accuracy.
Related Concept Videos
01:10Stress-Strain Diagram
2.3K
A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
2.3K
01:22Problem Solving on Stress and Strain
2.0K
Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...
2.0K
01:28True Stress and True Strain
818
Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
In contrast, true stress offers a more precise portrayal. It is computed by dividing the...
In contrast, true stress offers a more precise portrayal. It is computed by dividing the...
818
01:24Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials
2.0K
The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
2.0K
01:22Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
566
Strain energy quantifies the energy stored within a material due to deformation under loading conditions, a fundamental concept in materials science and engineering. The strain energy can be modeled when a material is subjected to axial loading with uniformly distributed stress. In this scenario, the stress experienced by the material is the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area, and the strain induced is directly proportional to this stress through the modulus of elasticity.
If...
If...
566
01:20Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses
492
As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
492