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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

129.7K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
129.7K
Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

71.6K
Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
71.6K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.4K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.4K
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

17.7K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
17.7K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K

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Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems
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Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

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Ionic Liquid Aqueous Two-Phase Systems From a Pharmaceutical Perspective.

Lisa McQueen1, David Lai2,3

  • 1Drug Product Design and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|April 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) offer scalable, high-yield purification for pharmaceuticals. Ionic liquid-based ATPSs present a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for industrial applications.

Keywords:
aqueous two-phase systemsbiphasic systemsionic liquidspharmaceutical extractionspharmaceutical separations

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemical Engineering
  • Separation Science
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Background:

  • Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) are recognized for high-yield, high-purity separation of pharmaceutical compounds.
  • ATPSs are adaptable for diverse biomolecules, including cells, proteins, and small molecules.
  • Scalability from lab to industrial manufacturing is a key advantage of ATPS technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the benefits and challenges of ATPS in pharmaceutical separations.
  • To explore the potential of novel ATPS compositions, including ionic liquids, for improved sustainability and economics.
  • To assess the industrial adoption barriers and economic viability of ATPS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ATPS applications in separating active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates.
  • Analysis of scalability from milliliter to multi-thousand-liter processes.
  • Investigation of polymer-polymer, polymer-salt, and ionic liquid-based ATPS (IL-ATPS) systems.

Main Results:

  • ATPS demonstrates high yield and purity for various pharmaceutical targets.
  • Cost of polymer-based ATPS components is a significant industrial challenge.
  • Ionic liquid-based ATPS (IL-ATPS) show promise for sustainable, economical separations with efficient solvent recycling.

Conclusions:

  • ATPS technology offers a low barrier to adoption due to similar instrumentation and methodology.
  • The economic feasibility of ATPS is improving, especially with polymer-salt systems for macromolecules.
  • IL-ATPS represent a sustainable and cost-effective advancement for large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing.