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Related Concept Videos

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Dimensional analysis is a valuable technique in fluid mechanics for simplifying complex problems by reducing them into dimensionless groups. These groups capture the essential relationships between the variables involved, allowing researchers and engineers to analyze fluid flow without dealing with each variable individually. This approach reduces the number of independent variables, allowing for easier analysis and better understanding of physical phenomena.
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Ferrule Effect: A Meta-analysis.

J A Skupien1, M S Luz1, T Pereira-Cenci1

  • 11 Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil.

JDR Clinical and Translational Research
|April 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A ferrule significantly improves fracture resistance in restored endodontically treated teeth. While ferrule enhances overall tooth survival, its impact on longevity varies by tooth type, suggesting other factors influence molar and anterior tooth restoration success.

Keywords:
ceramicsclinical trialsendodontically treated teethfracture resistancesurvivalsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Restorations
  • Endodontics
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Restoring endodontically treated teeth often requires post and core procedures.
  • The ferrule, a band of tooth structure encircling the restoration, is considered crucial for structural integrity.
  • Evidence on the ferrule's impact on fracture resistance and long-term survival needs systematic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review laboratory and clinical studies on the effect of ferrule in restored endodontically treated teeth.
  • To evaluate the ferrule's influence on fracture resistance and clinical longevity.
  • To identify factors affecting restoration success in endodontically treated teeth.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Meta-analysis of laboratory studies comparing fracture resistance with and without ferrule.
  • Survival analysis of clinical studies using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Main Results:

  • Teeth without ferrule exhibited significantly lower fracture resistance (P < 0.00001).
  • Increased ferrule height correlated with greater fracture resistance, independent of post type (P < .000001).
  • Ferrule presence was associated with higher clinical longevity (P = 0.002), particularly for premolars (P = 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • The ferrule significantly enhances fracture resistance in laboratory settings.
  • Clinical longevity is improved by ferrule presence, but tooth location influences survival rates.
  • Further investigation is needed into clinical factors affecting molar and anterior tooth restoration survival.