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Updated: Jan 27, 2026
08:41
Investigating the Phagocytosis of Leishmania using Confocal Microscopy
Published on: July 29, 2021
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Novel confocal Raman microscopy method to investigate hydration mechanisms in human skin
Hequn Wang1, Qihong Zhang2, Guangru Mao1
1Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Skillman, New Jersey.
Summary
Confocal Raman microscopy with deuterium oxide (D2O) distinguishes water sources in skin hydration. This method reveals hydration mechanisms and aids in developing effective moisturizers.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Biophysics
- Materials Science
Background:
- Skin hydration is crucial for stratum corneum (SC) flexibility and maturation.
- Understanding moisturizer hydration mechanisms is incomplete.
- Differentiating hydration sources is key for effective formulations.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate skin hydration mechanisms using novel confocal Raman microscopy (CRM).
- Differentiate endogenous water (H2O) from exogenous deuterium oxide (D2O) as a hydration probe.
- Aid in designing more efficacious moisturizing formulations.
Main Methods:
- Utilized CRM with deuterium oxide (D2O) as a probe.
- Compared in vivo and ex vivo skin depth profiles after D2O application.
- Quantified D2O diffusion kinetics in epidermis by introducing D2O under ex vivo skin.
Main Results:
- In vivo and ex vivo D2O depth profiles showed good agreement.
- Glycerin application prolonged D2O presence in the SC.
- Established reproducible D2O diffusion rates as a function of depth in ex vivo skin.
Conclusions:
- CRM with D2O provides unique insights into skin hydration.
- Ex vivo skin with D2O underneath can delineate hydration sources and rates.
- Depth-dependent hydration rates can be compared with and without topical agents for mechanistic understanding.
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