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Related Concept Videos

Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

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Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

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Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

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Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Ideal Solutions02:24

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Erratum to: AdS<sub>6</sub> solutions of type II supergravity.

Journal of high energy physics : JHEP·2022
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Six-Dimensional Superconformal Theories and their Compactifications from Type IIA Supergravity.

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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation
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Classical de Sitter Solutions of 10-Dimensional Supergravity.

Clay Córdova1, G Bruno De Luca2, Alessandro Tomasiello2

  • 1School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 2, 2019
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Summary

Researchers found four-dimensional de Sitter compactifications in type IIA supergravity. These solutions feature localized, backreacted orientifold planes, offering a pathway to explore string theory models.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • String Theory
  • Supergravity

Background:

  • Compactifications of higher-dimensional theories are crucial for deriving lower-dimensional physics.
  • Type IIA supergravity provides a framework for string theory, with de Sitter spacetimes being relevant for cosmology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To find four-dimensional de Sitter compactifications of type IIA supergravity.
  • To investigate the properties and stability of these compactifications.

Main Methods:

  • Directly solving the 10-dimensional equations of motion of type IIA supergravity.
  • Analyzing solutions with internal spaces of topology S¹ × M, where M is an Einstein manifold of negative curvature.
  • Incorporating backreacted and localized orientifold planes (O8⁻ and O8⁺).

Main Results:

  • Successfully found four-dimensional de Sitter solutions.
  • Demonstrated that the simplest solutions involve an internal space with S¹ × M topology.
  • Showed that orientifold planes are fully backreacted and localized, with their properties verifiable analytically.
  • Identified solutions with tree-level moduli that can be made weakly coupled and weakly curved.

Conclusions:

  • The found solutions provide concrete examples of four-dimensional de Sitter compactifications in type IIA supergravity.
  • The presence of localized, backreacted orientifold planes is a key feature of these solutions.
  • The stability and ultimate fate of these solutions in string theory depend on quantum corrections.