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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Generation of hiPSC-Derived Intestinal Organoids for Developmental and Disease Modelling Applications
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Dissecting hiPSC-CM pacemaker function in a cardiac organoid model.

Mirja L Schulze1, Marc D Lemoine2, Alexander W Fischer3

  • 1University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.

Biomaterials
|April 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) embryoid bodies (EBs) successfully functioned as biological pacemakers. This study demonstrates their potential for regulating engineered heart tissue (EHT) for cardiac repair.

Keywords:
3D cell culture modelBiological pacemaker functionCouplingEngineered heart tissueHuman induced pluripotent stem cellsTransitional zone

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Biological pacemakers are a promising alternative to electronic devices.
  • Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) are a potential cell source for cardiac pacing.
  • Understanding graft-host coupling is crucial for developing biological pacemakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a cardiac organoid model for studying biological pacemaker function.
  • To investigate the electrophysiological and structural coupling between hiPSC-CMs and host cardiac tissue.
  • To assess the potential of hiPSC-CM embryoid bodies (EBs) as a biological pacemaker.

Main Methods:

  • A two-component cardiac organoid model was created using hiPSC-CM EBs and rat engineered heart tissue (EHT).
  • Contractility, action potential (AP) propagation, and calcium transients were measured.
  • Immunohistochemistry and genetic labeling were used to analyze cell intermingling and connexin 43 expression.

Main Results:

  • hiPSC-CM EBs successfully controlled the beating activity of the EHT, inducing a regular, hiPSC-CM-like rhythm.
  • Electrophysiological coupling was confirmed by the transmission of APs and calcium transients from EB to EHT.
  • EB-derived and host cells formed a transitional zone with connexin 43 expression patterns similar to the human sinoatrial node.

Conclusions:

  • hiPSC-CM EBs function as effective biological pacemakers within a cardiac organoid model.
  • This model allows for the study of electrophysiological and structural coupling mechanisms of pacemaker activity.
  • The findings support the potential of hiPSC-CMs for developing advanced biological pacing strategies.