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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock01:24

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

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Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II
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Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

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Angiotensin II in septic shock.

Amar P Jadhav1, Farid G Sadaka2

  • 1Intensivist, SSM St. Mary's Hospital, Richmond Heights, St. Louis, United States of America..

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|April 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Septic shock is a critical emergency. Angiotensin II (AT-II) offers a new treatment option for refractory cases, potentially reducing reliance on other vasopressors, but further research is needed.

Keywords:
Angiotensin IICirculatory failureOrgan dysfunctionSeptic shockVasodilationVasopressors

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Septic shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by organ dysfunction and hypotension.
  • Refractory septic shock has high mortality and complications from high-dose vasopressors.
  • Angiotensin II (AT-II) is an FDA-approved vasopressor for refractory shock.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology and current literature on Angiotensin II (AT-II) in refractory septic/vasodilatory shock.
  • To discuss the role of AT-II in managing severe hypotension and reducing catecholamine requirements.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of physiological data and clinical studies on Angiotensin II.
  • Analysis of the ATHOS-3 trial findings and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Angiotensin II (AT-II) is a potent vasopressor agent derived from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
  • AT-II is approved for use with catecholamines to manage refractory shock and decrease catecholamine doses.

Conclusions:

  • Angiotensin II (AT-II) shows promise in treating refractory septic shock.
  • Further large-scale, long-term trials are necessary to fully understand AT-II's effects on organ systems, microcirculation, inflammation, and thromboembolism risk.