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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

27.9K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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RNA Interference in Ticks
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RNA Interference in Ticks

Published on: January 20, 2011

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RNA Interference and Small RNA Analysis.

Chengjian Li, Phillip D Zamore

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |April 3, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Small silencing RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), offer powerful reverse genetics tools for gene function studies. These methods enable loss-of-function analysis and analysis of small RNA expression changes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Small silencing RNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression.
    • RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a key tool in molecular biology.
    • Understanding small RNA function is vital for biological research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce RNAi as a method for gene silencing and loss-of-function analysis.
    • To summarize techniques for measuring small RNA expression.
    • To outline methods for inhibiting endogenous small RNA function, such as miRNAs.

    Main Methods:

    • Gene expression suppression using RNA interference (RNAi).
    • Measurement of specific and global small RNA expression levels.
    • Inhibition of endogenous small RNA species, including microRNAs (miRNAs).

    Main Results:

    • RNAi effectively suppresses individual gene expression for loss-of-function studies.
    • Methods are available to quantify both targeted and overall small RNA expression.
    • Specific endogenous small RNAs, like miRNAs, can be functionally inhibited.

    Conclusions:

    • Small silencing RNAs provide essential tools for reverse genetics.
    • RNAi facilitates the study of gene function through suppression.
    • Methods exist to analyze and manipulate small RNA pathways.