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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Long noncoding RNAs: a missing link in osteoporosis.

Andreia Machado Silva1,2, Sara Reis Moura1,2, José Henrique Teixeira1,2,3

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their role in osteoporosis. This review explores their involvement in bone density loss and fracture risk, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disease characterized by reduced bone density and increased fracture risk, particularly in aging populations.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding transcripts involved in gene regulation, with emerging roles in disease pathogenesis.
  • Understanding lncRNA involvement in osteoporosis is crucial for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence implicating lncRNAs in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis.
  • To explore the potential of lncRNAs as risk factors, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
  • To discuss the future prospects and challenges in utilizing lncRNAs for osteoporosis treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Integrative review of scientific literature on lncRNAs and osteoporosis.
  • Analysis of studies investigating lncRNA roles in osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and bone fracture healing.
  • Examination of genetic and transcriptomic alterations related to lncRNAs in osteoporosis.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs play significant regulatory roles in key cellular processes relevant to osteoporosis, including bone formation and resorption.
  • Alterations in lncRNA expression and genetic variations are associated with osteoporosis risk.
  • lncRNAs show promise as circulating biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are critical regulators in osteoporosis pathogenesis and progression.
  • lncRNAs represent a promising avenue for novel osteoporosis diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges and fully realize the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in osteoporosis management.