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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions
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Starch-Modifying Enzymes.

Suhaila Omar Hashim1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya. s.hashim@pu.ac.ke.

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
|April 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbial alkaline-active amylases are versatile enzymes used across industries. Enhancements via nanotechnology and genetic engineering expand their applications in detergents, food, and bioremediation.

Keywords:
AlkalineAlkaliphilesCGTaseCyclodextrinsDetergentIndustryLeatherMaltooligosaccharidesNanotechnologyPaperStarchTextileWaste water treatmentα-Amylase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Industrial Microbiology
  • Enzyme Technology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry

Background:

  • Starch, a plant-derived carbohydrate polymer, serves as an energy reserve.
  • A diverse array of enzymes, including amylases, modify starch for various biological and industrial purposes.
  • Microbial enzymes, particularly alkaline-active amylases, offer significant industrial utility due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse applications of starch-modifying enzymes, with a focus on microbial alkaline-active amylases.
  • To highlight the suitability of specific amylases for industrial processes like detergent formulation.
  • To discuss the role of emerging technologies in enhancing enzyme performance and expanding their use.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of starch-modifying enzymes and their industrial applications.
  • Analysis of enzyme classes, including endoamylases, exoamylases, debranching enzymes, and transferases.
  • Examination of specific enzymes like maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases).

Main Results:

  • Alkaline-active amylases exhibit diverse substrate specificities and optimal reaction conditions.
  • Enzymes active under mild alkaline and low-temperature conditions are ideal for detergent formulations.
  • Maltooligosaccharides and cyclodextrins produced by specific amylases have broad applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial alkaline-active amylases are crucial for numerous industrial sectors, including paper, textile, leather, bioremediation, and wastewater treatment.
  • Enzyme stabilization and specificity enhancement through nanotechnology and genetic engineering significantly broaden their industrial applicability.
  • The study underscores the potential of alkaline-active amylases as valuable biocatalysts for sustainable industrial processes.