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Human-induced reductions in fish predator boldness decrease their predation rates in kelp forests.

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  • 11 University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory , 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 , USA.

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|April 4, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marine protected areas with long-term protection allow predatory fish to regain bold behaviors and increase predation rates. Shorter protection periods result in timid predators with lower foraging success, impacting ecosystem recovery.

Keywords:
anti-predator behaviourconsumer functionfinfishkelp forestpredationprotected areas

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Human activities significantly alter ecosystems by impacting consumer traits and food webs.
  • Understanding human-induced changes in predator behavior and their ecological consequences is crucial for effective conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different marine protected area (MPA) ages and protection levels influence predatory fish behavior and predation rates.
  • To determine the time scale required for the recovery of predator behavioral traits and ecological functions.

Main Methods:

  • Compared behavioral traits and predation rates of predatory fishes on standardized squid prey across MPAs with varying protection levels and durations.
  • Accounted for differences in fish abundance, body size, and community composition among sites.
  • Measured flight initiation distance and foraging willingness as indicators of predator boldness.

Main Results:

  • Predation rates were 6.5 times higher in old, no-take MPAs (>40 years) compared to new, partial-take MPAs (~8 years).
  • Individual fish in old MPAs consumed prey at nearly double the rate of similar individuals in new MPAs.
  • Predators in new MPAs displayed longer flight initiation distances and reduced foraging willingness, indicating bolder phenotypes in older MPAs.

Conclusions:

  • Human-induced behavioral changes in predator guilds can occur at large spatial scales within managed areas.
  • Recovery of bold predator phenotypes and associated high predation rates requires protection spanning multiple predator generations, even if abundance recovers faster.
  • Long-term, strict protection is essential for restoring crucial ecological functions in marine ecosystems.