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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Intradural Spinal Cord Stimulation: Performance Modeling of a New Modality.

David J Anderson1,2, Daryl R Kipke1, Sean J Nagel3

  • 1NeuroNexus Technologies, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

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|April 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intradural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) offers new hope for pain and dysfunction. Finite element modeling shows this novel device can precisely target stimulation, improving depth and reducing spread compared to epidural methods.

Keywords:
fiber targetingintraduralmodelingpower efficiencyselectivityspinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Intradural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) presents potential benefits for intractable pain, spasticity, and autonomic dysfunction.
  • A novel intradural SCS device was developed to explore these therapeutic possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize the function of a novel intradural SCS device using finite element modeling (FEM).
  • To evaluate the potential therapeutic gains of intradural SCS compared to traditional epidural SCS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized COMSOL Multiphysics Electrical Currents for finite element modeling of a spinal cord segment.
  • Applied cathodic and anodic currents to a T-shaped electrode array to shape the stimulation field.
  • Constrained charge-balanced cathodic pulses to the target area for precise stimulation.

Main Results:

  • FEM predicted enhanced field depth and current shaping capabilities for the intradural SCS device.
  • The device allows for precise horizontal movement of the stimulation zone across the spinal cord.
  • The stimulation spread can be effectively prevented, avoiding off-target action potentials.

Conclusions:

  • Finite element modeling indicates intradural SCS offers superior field depth and current shaping over epidural SCS.
  • This T-shaped intradural stimulator design shows promise for improved therapeutic outcomes.
  • Further in vivo studies are warranted to prepare for human trials.