Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Metal-Assisted Electrochemical Nanoimprinting of Porous and Solid Silicon Wafers
Published on: February 8, 2022
Time Transient Electrochemical Monitoring of Tetraalkylammonium Polybromide Solid Particle Formation: Observation of
Yejin Choi1, Jiseon Hwang1, Kyung Mi Kim2
1Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hangyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Energy storage systems (ESSs) using a Br-/Br2 redox reaction such as a Zn/Br redox flow battery (RFB) or a redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitor (Redox-EC) suffer from self-discharge reactions resulting in significant Coulombic loss. To inhibit the self-discharge, quaternary ammonium (Q+) and tetraalkylammonium (T+) bromide are added to form ionic liquid (QBr2 n+1) and solid (TBr3) polybromides during the ESS charging process. The electrochemical formation of liquid QBr2 n+1 and its electrochemical properties have been examined. The detailed mechanisms of ionic solid TBr3 formation, however, have not yet been explored. In this article, we analyzed the ionic liquid-to-solid phase transition of TBr3 particles using a time transient electrochemical method. We suggest the formation of ionic solid TBr3 particles via hydrated TBr3 droplets as an intermediate phase, which are generated by electro-oxidation of Br- in an aqueous TBr solution. We found the phase transition time of TBr3 particles is strongly dependent on the chemical structure of T+ and the concentration of TBr in an aqueous solution.
Related Concept Videos
Molecular and Ionic Solids
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Metallic Solids
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
Structures of Solids
Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids
Network Covalent Solids
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

