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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

62.6K
The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Enthalpies of Reaction03:33

Enthalpies of Reaction

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Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are available. The main reaction may be divided into stepwise reactions : (i) decompositions of the reactants into their component elements, for which the enthalpy changes are proportional to the negative of the enthalpies of formation of the reactants, −ΔHf°(reactants), followed by (ii) re-combinations of the elements (obtained in step 1) to...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

24.1K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

30.6K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.6K
Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

61.9K
Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions.

Stefano Santoro1, Francesco Ferlin, Lutz Ackermann

  • 1Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy. luigi.vaccaro@unipg.it.

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 4, 2019
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Summary

Continuous-flow technologies enhance C-H functionalization reactions, offering improved performance and enabling new transformations. This review explores homogeneous and heterogeneous flow methods for C-H functionalization, comparing benefits over traditional batch processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • C-H functionalization has seen significant advancements, attracting broad research interest.
  • Most current C-H functionalization protocols operate under batch conditions.
  • There is a growing demand for continuous-flow procedures to improve efficiency and enable novel reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of continuous-flow technologies in C-H functionalization reactions.
  • To highlight the advantages of flow chemistry over traditional batch methods.
  • To categorize flow C-H functionalization based on reactor conditions (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous).

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing existing literature on flow C-H functionalization.
  • Discussing examples based on homogeneous flow reactors.
  • Discussing examples based on heterogeneous flow reactors.

Main Results:

  • Flow technologies offer enhanced performance for C-H functionalization.
  • Continuous-flow methods can enable transformations not feasible in batch.
  • Both homogeneous and heterogeneous flow conditions are applicable and offer distinct benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous-flow C-H functionalization presents a promising alternative to batch processing.
  • Flow chemistry facilitates improved reaction control, safety, and scalability.
  • Further development in flow technologies will likely expand the scope of C-H functionalization.