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Related Concept Videos

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values...
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
48.3K
Acid-Base Titration Curves02:23

Acid-Base Titration Curves

140.8K
A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
For a titration carried out for 25.00 mL of...
140.8K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.3K
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

842
Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
842
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

104.4K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Changing dialysate composition to optimize acid-base therapy.

John A Sargent1, Marco Marano2, Stefano Marano3

  • 159 Hacienda Circle, Orinda, California.

Seminars in Dialysis
|April 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During hemodialysis, high bicarbonate levels stimulate organic acid production, leading to patient acidification. Reducing bicarbonate in dialysis fluid may improve patient outcomes by decreasing this acid production.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry
  • Acid-Base Physiology

Background:

  • Hemodialysis involves rapid alkali delivery, primarily bicarbonate, which triggers complex acid-base responses.
  • Hydrogen ions (H+) are mobilized from buffers and organic acid production, converting bicarbonate to CO2 and water.
  • Organic acid production, unlike buffer buffering, irreversibly acidifies patients and disrupts homeostasis during hemodialysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize an analytic tool to quantify acid-base events during hemodialysis.
  • To investigate the impact of varying dialysate composition, specifically bicarbonate and acetate concentrations, on organic acid production.
  • To propose strategies for optimizing alkali delivery during hemodialysis for improved patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytical model to quantify acid-base shifts during hemodialysis.
  • Analysis of patient data to assess the contribution of organic acid production to H+ mobilization.
  • Simulation of the effects of altering dialysate bicarbonate ([HCO3-]) and acetate concentrations on acid-base balance.

Main Results:

  • Organic acid production accounts for nearly two-thirds of H+ mobilization when dialysate bicarbonate is 32 mEq/L or higher.
  • Simulations indicate that reducing dialysate bicarbonate concentration decreases organic acid production.
  • Shifting bicarbonate delivery to acetate metabolism offers a more stable and predictable alkali administration compared to direct bicarbonate influx.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing dialysate bicarbonate concentration is a potentially beneficial strategy to mitigate organic acid production in hemodialysis patients.
  • Acetate-based alkali delivery may provide a more controlled and predictable method for bicarbonate replenishment during hemodialysis.
  • Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the proposed benefits of modifying dialysate composition.