Protein deficiency in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition

A classical finding of protein deficiency is hair depigmentation, or the flag sign. To determine the clinical conditions that predispose ill premature infants to the development of protein deficiency, we compared the clinical courses and nutritional histories of premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition who developed the flag sign (group F), with those of a matched control group (Group C). Occurrences of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and consequent surgery were significantly higher in group F than in group C (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.005, respectively). No differences were found in the mean (+/- SD) administration of amino acids (group F, 2.5 +/- 0.2 g X kg X day vs group C, 2.4 +/- 0.4) and total energy (83.4 +/- 13.4 kcal X kg X day vs 83.6 +/- 11.1, respectively). Mean serum albumin levels (2.6 +/- 0.4 g/dL vs 2.6 +/- 0.5, respectively) also were similar. Because infants in both groups received recommended amounts of protein, results suggest that infants who have NEC, and surgery as a consequence of NEC, require more protein than is presently recommended.