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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.5K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.5K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.0K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.5K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

5.0K
All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
5.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

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Ultrafast spin-lasers.

Markus Lindemann1, Gaofeng Xu2, Tobias Pusch3

  • 1Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. markus.lindemann@rub.de.

Nature
|April 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel spin-laser demonstrating room-temperature modulation frequencies over 200 GHz. This breakthrough in semiconductor lasers utilizes carrier spin and light polarization for ultrafast optical communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Semiconductor Physics
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Lasers are crucial for applications and studying complex phenomena.
  • Spintronics leverages electron spin and charge, leading to spin-lasers.
  • Conventional semiconductor lasers face speed limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate ultrafast operation in spin-lasers.
  • To explore the coupling between carrier spin and light polarization.
  • To overcome speed limitations in semiconductor lasers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing common semiconductor lasers.
  • Exploiting the coupling between carrier spin and light polarization.
  • Investigating the role of carrier spin relaxation time and refractive index anisotropy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved room-temperature modulation frequencies above 200 gigahertz.
  • Exceeded conventional semiconductor laser speeds by nearly an order of magnitude.
  • Demonstrated that short spin relaxation times and large refractive index anisotropy are beneficial.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-lasers offer a pathway to overcome speed limitations in directly modulated lasers.
  • This technology promises a new generation of low-energy, ultrafast optical communication.
  • Novel insights into laser operation and spintronics were gained.