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Related Concept Videos

Pulse01:16

Pulse

2.0K
When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Pulse01:05

Pulse

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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Regulation of Pulse01:20

Regulation of Pulse

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Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

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Pulsed immune reconstitution therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Per Soelberg Sorensen1, Finn Sellebjerg2

  • 1Department of Neurology 2082, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 9, Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
|April 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pulsed immune reconstitution therapies like alemtuzumab and cladribine offer prolonged effects after short treatment courses for multiple sclerosis. These therapies deplete lymphocytes, with effects lasting beyond active treatment, though risks of infection and immune disorders exist.

Keywords:
MSalemtuzumabautologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantationcladribinemultiple sclerosismultiple sclerosis treatmentpulsed immune reconstitution therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Conventional multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies require continuous administration.
  • Novel therapies offer sustained benefits after limited treatment durations.
  • Pulsed immune reconstitution therapies (IRT) represent a new therapeutic paradigm for MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of pulsed IRTs, specifically alemtuzumab and cladribine.
  • To compare the lymphocyte depletion and repopulation kinetics between alemtuzumab and cladribine.
  • To evaluate the long-term treatment effects and adverse events associated with pulsed IRT in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on alemtuzumab and cladribine in MS.
  • Analysis of lymphocyte subset depletion and recovery patterns.
  • Assessment of clinical outcomes including relapse rates, MRI activity, and disability progression.
  • Evaluation of safety profiles, including infection risks and secondary immune disorders.

Main Results:

  • Alemtuzumab and cladribine induce profound lymphocyte depletion, particularly affecting memory B-cells.
  • Lymphocyte repopulation is slower for T-cells (1-2 years) than B-cells (6 months).
  • Alemtuzumab generally causes deeper lymphocyte depletion and slower T-cell recovery than cladribine.
  • Both agents demonstrate significant efficacy in reducing relapses, MRI activity, and disability worsening, with sustained effects.
  • Adverse events include infection reactivation (TB, herpes zoster) and secondary immune-mediated disorders, notably with alemtuzumab.

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed IRTs are effective initial therapies for relapsing-remitting MS with high disease activity.
  • Sustained therapeutic benefits are observed beyond the active treatment period for these agents.
  • Careful monitoring for infections and immune-mediated events is crucial for patients receiving pulsed IRT.