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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

Plasmids

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...

Survival Tree

Survival Tree

Survival trees are a non-parametric method used in survival analysis to model the relationship between a set of covariates and the time until an event of interest occurs, often referred to as the "time-to-event" or "survival time." This method is particularly useful when dealing with censored data, where the event has not occurred for some individuals by the end of the study period, or when the exact time of the event is unknown.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Modeling Brain Tumors In Vivo Using Electroporation-Based Delivery of Plasmid DNA Representing Patient Mutation Signatures

Author Spotlight: Modeling Brain Tumors In Vivo Using Electroporation-Based Delivery of Plasmid DNA Representing Patient Mutation Signatures

Published on: June 23, 2023

Mobile Compensatory Mutations Promote Plasmid Survival.

Martin Zwanzig¹, Ellie Harrison², Michael A Brockhurst²

¹Department of Forest Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany.

|April 5, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Compensatory mutations on antibiotic resistance plasmids enhance their spread. Plasmid-located mutations promote persistence more effectively than chromosomal ones, aiding survival even without antibiotics.

Keywords:

antibiotic resistance chromosomal mutation compensatory evolution conjugation cost compensation fitness costs horizontal gene transfer mathematical modeling plasmid mutation plasmid persistence

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Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter

Published on: March 31, 2022

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Evolutionary Biology
Genetics

Background:

Antibiotic resistance plasmids pose a significant global health threat.
Compensatory evolution can mitigate fitness costs associated with plasmid acquisition.
Mutations can arise on either the host chromosome or the plasmid itself.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the genomic location of compensatory mutations affects plasmid dynamics.
To compare the impact of chromosomal versus plasmid-located compensatory evolution on plasmid persistence.
To understand the role of compensatory evolution in maintaining antibiotic resistance plasmids.

Main Methods:

Mathematical modeling to simulate plasmid dynamics.
Computational simulations to analyze evolutionary trajectories.
Analysis of mutation inheritance patterns (vertical vs. horizontal).

Main Results:

Plasmid-located compensatory evolution significantly enhances plasmid persistence compared to chromosomal compensation.
Plasmid mutations are more effective at promoting spread due to vertical and horizontal inheritance.
Both types of compensatory evolution facilitate plasmid survival at low antibiotic concentrations.

Conclusions:

The genomic location of compensatory mutations is critical for the evolutionary dynamics of antibiotic resistance plasmids.
Plasmid-borne compensatory mutations are key drivers of plasmid dissemination and persistence, especially in the absence of antibiotic selection.
Understanding these evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for combating the spread of antibiotic resistance.