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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines01:24

Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines

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A Y-connected synchronous generator, grounded through a neutral impedance, is designed to produce balanced internal phase voltages with only positive-sequence components. The generator's sequence networks include a source voltage that is exclusively in the positive-sequence network. The sequence components of line-to-ground voltages at the generator terminals illustrate this configuration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients Through Advanced Robotic and Neuromodulation Technologies
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients Through Advanced Robotic and Neuromodulation Technologies

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Brain-Machine Interface-Driven Post-Stroke Upper-Limb Functional Recovery Correlates With Beta-Band Mediated Cortical

Dheeraj Rathee, Anirban Chowdhury, Yogesh Kumar Meena

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |April 5, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Brain-machine interface (BMI) and robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation significantly improved upper-limb function in stroke patients. Resting-state functional connectivity in the beta-band showed distinct patterns correlating with motor recovery.

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    Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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    Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Robotics
    • Rehabilitation Medicine

    Background:

    • Brain-machine interface (BMI)-driven robot-assisted neurorehabilitation shows promise for upper-limb (UL) motor function recovery in post-stroke hemiparetic patients.
    • Understanding the underlying neurophysiological changes during such interventions is crucial for optimizing treatment.
    • Existing research has not fully elucidated the longitudinal changes in functional connectivity networks associated with this type of rehabilitation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the longitudinal changes in band-limited resting-state (RS) functional connectivity (FC) networks.
    • To associate these FC network changes with upper-limb (UL) functional recovery in post-stroke patients undergoing a multimodal intervention.
    • To identify neurophysiological patterns linked to motor recovery through a combination of motor attempt (MA)-based BMI and robotic hand-exoskeleton therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • A multimodal intervention combining motor attempt (MA)-based brain-machine interface (BMI) and a robotic hand-exoskeleton was administered to four adult participants.
    • Rehabilitation lasted up to six weeks, with resting-state magnetoencephalography (RS-MEG) signals, Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and grip strength (GS) recorded at five sessions.
    • Cluster-based statistical tests correlated beta-band (15-26 Hz) RS-MEG FCs with UL functional recovery metrics (ARAT and GS).

    Main Results:

    • Significant average post-interventional increases of 100.0% (p=0.00028) in ARAT scores and 88.0% in grip strength were observed.
    • Positively correlated beta-band RS-MEG FC sub-networks were identified in both contralesional and ipsilesional motor cortices.
    • Frontoparietal FC exhibited hemispheric lateralization, with more positive correlations in the contralesional hemisphere and negative correlations in the ipsilesional hemisphere.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings support the theory of bilateral motor cortical involvement in upper-limb recovery after stroke.
    • Novel functional connectivity patterns associated with motor recovery were identified, potentially serving as biomarkers for treatment efficacy.
    • These neurophysiological insights can inform the development of more effective brain-machine interface and robotic-assisted neurorehabilitation strategies.