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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

Vibrating Concrete

Vibrating Concrete

Mechanical vibrators are instrumental in compacting newly poured concrete within formwork and around reinforcements. This process is essential to eliminate trapped air pockets and establish a dense concrete mass. One widely used method is vibrating by internal vibrators, often referred to as a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is rapidly inserted through the full depth of the freshly laid concrete and slightly extends into the layer below it (which remains in a plastic state). Consistent...

Resonance

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

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Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

Strong vibrational coupling in room temperature plasmonic resonators.

Junzhong Wang¹, Kuai Yu², Yang Yang¹

¹College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.

Nature Communications

|April 6, 2019

Summary

Researchers achieved strong vibrational coupling in plasmonic nanoresonators by enhancing mechanical quality factors. This breakthrough enables quantum control of phonon modes in metallic nanoparticles.

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Area of Science:

Optomechanics
Nanophotonics
Quantum Acoustics

Background:

Strong vibrational coupling is crucial for quantum control but challenging in plasmonic nanostructures due to energy dissipation.
Previous studies lacked experimental observation of strong coupling in acoustic modes of plasmonic nanostructures.

Purpose of the Study:

To achieve strong vibrational coupling in ultra-high frequency plasmonic nanoresonators.
To overcome rapid energy dissipation in these systems.
To establish a platform for quantum phonon manipulation.

Main Methods:

Significantly increasing the vibrational quality factors (Q factors) of plasmonic nanoresonators.
Utilizing ultra-high frequency nanoresonators.
Employing a coupled oscillator model for theoretical validation.

Main Results:

Achieved unprecedented frequency quality factor products (f × Q) of 1.0 × 10^13 Hz, exceeding the threshold for ground state cooling.
Observed strong intermodal coupling with a coupling rate (g) of 7.5 ± 1.2 GHz, an order of magnitude greater than dissipation rates.
Demonstrated avoided crossing between vibrational modes, confirming strong coupling.

Conclusions:

Successfully realized strong vibrational coupling in plasmonic nanoresonators by enhancing mechanical Q factors.
The achieved f × Q product paves the way for quantum ground state cooling.
Established a foundational platform for exploring quantum phenomena in plasmonic systems.