Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

5-Number Summary

5-Number Summary

In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...

Diversity of Archaea I

Diversity of Archaea I

Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms, are classified into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical characteristics: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among these, the phylum Euryarchaeota is notable for its remarkable diversity in morphology, metabolism, and ecological adaptations.Morphological and Metabolic DiversityMembers of Euryarchaeota exhibit a variety of cellular shapes, including rods and cocci. Their metabolic pathways...

Diversity of Archaea II

Diversity of Archaea II

Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...

Diversity of Protists I

Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...

Diversity of Protists II

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...

Cell Diversity

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
Multicellular...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Potentiation of active locomotor state by spinal-projecting serotonergic neurons.

Neuron·2026

Same author

Potentiation of active locomotor state by spinal-projecting serotonergic neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Same author

Altered 5-HT2A/C receptor binding in the medulla oblongata in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Part II. Age-associated alterations in serotonin receptor binding profiles within medullary nuclei supporting cardiorespiratory homeostasis.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology·2024

Same author

Multiomic Analysis of Neuroinflammation and Occult Infection in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

JAMA neurology·2024

Same author

Identification of an essential spinoparabrachial pathway for mechanical itch.

Neuron·2023

Same author

Neuronal pericellular baskets: neurotransmitter convergence and regulation of network excitability.

Trends in neurosciences·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Published on: September 19, 2019

Embracing diversity in the 5-HT neuronal system.

Benjamin W Okaty¹, Kathryn G Commons², Susan M Dymecki³

¹Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. bokaty@genetics.med.harvard.edu.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience

|April 6, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Serotonin (5-HT) neurons exhibit significant diversity, suggesting distinct subtypes. Recent molecular and functional data support a reframing of the serotonin system, paving the way for targeted therapies for related disorders.

More Related Videos

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Published on: August 29, 2018

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA

Published on: October 5, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Published on: September 19, 2019

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Published on: August 29, 2018

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA

Published on: October 5, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Neurons synthesizing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) share a core genetic program for their phenotype.
Despite this shared identity, 5-HT neurons display considerable heterogeneity in anatomy, morphology, connectivity, electrophysiology, and gene expression.
This diversity implies the existence of functionally distinct subtypes of 5-HT neurons, but their specific functions have been difficult to ascertain.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the organization of the 5-HT neuronal system.
To integrate recent molecular, genomic, and functional data with classical findings.
To propose a new framework for understanding 5-HT neuron diversity and its therapeutic implications.

Main Methods:

Review and synthesis of molecular genetic data.
Analysis of genomic studies.
Integration of functional neurobiological findings.
Consideration of classical neuroanatomical and physiological studies.

Main Results:

The 5-HT system is not monolithic but comprises diverse subsystems.
Differential gene expression supports co-transmission of additional neurotransmitters in specific 5-HT neuron populations.
Recent data provide a more nuanced view of 5-HT neuron heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

The 5-HT system is best understood as a conglomeration of diverse subsystems.
Recognizing this diversity is crucial for understanding brain function and dysfunction.
This reframing can inspire novel, targeted therapeutic strategies for clinically distinct 5-HT-related disorders.