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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Assessing Cell Viability and Death in 3D Spheroid Cultures of Cancer Cells
Published on: June 16, 2019
Platycodin D, a bioactive component of Platycodon grandiflorum, induces cancer cell death associated with extreme
Daun Jeon1, Seung-Woo Kim2, Hong Seok Kim1
1Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Platycodin D (PD) is a major active component of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer activity. The aim of this study was to characterize PD-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation in human cancer cells and investigate the underlying mechanisms. PD-induced cancer cell death was associated with cytoplasmic pinocytic and autophagic vacuolation. Cellular energy levels were decreased by this compound, leading to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Additionally, compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, completely prevented PD-induced vacuolation. These results suggest that PD induces cancer cell death, associated with excessive vacuolation through AMPK activation when cellular energy levels are low. Therefore, our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for a novel combinatorial approach using PD to treat cancer.
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