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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Obesity.

Agostino Virdis1, Stefano Masi2, Rocchina Colucci3

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56100, Pisa, Italy. agostino.virdis@med.unipi.it.

Current Hypertension Reports
|April 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Obesity causes endothelial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, reducing nitric oxide availability. New therapies targeting these mechanisms are crucial for preventing cardiovascular issues in obese patients.

Keywords:
CytokinesEndotheliumMicrocirculationObesityOxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Obesity is linked to vascular endothelial dysfunction.
  • Reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability, due to increased oxidative stress, is a key factor.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines from perivascular adipose tissue exacerbate this dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
  • To explore established and novel mechanisms involved.
  • To focus on microcirculation alterations in obese patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on obesity and endothelial dysfunction.
  • Analysis of mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, and enzymatic pathways.
  • Focus on microvascular changes in obese individuals.

Main Results:

  • Obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation reduce nitric oxide availability.
  • Perivascular adipose tissue contributes to inflammation and reduced NO.
  • Arginase activity in small vessels directly impairs endothelial function, modulated by aging and oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress, inflammation, and enzymatic pathways are central to obesity-related vascular disease.
  • Targeting these pathways offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Effective interventions are needed to prevent cardiovascular complications in obesity.