Determinants of Perioperative Outcome in Frail Older Patients

Older patients are undergoing surgery in increasing numbers. Frailty is a key risk factor associated with higher rates of complications and mortality, longer hospital stays, and functional impairment.

This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, including guidelines from Germany and abroad.

Many studies have been published on the assessment of frailty and its consequences, but the scientific investigation of this topic and the clinical utility of the findings are made more difficult by the lack of a uniform definition and of uniform instruments for assessment. Some definitions of frailty include only physical aspects, while others encompass cognitive, emotional, and social factors as well. Despite this variability, the assessment of frailty enables better estimation of the perioperative risk so that the patient can be optimally prepared for the operation. Especially for frail elderly patients, an interdisciplinary approach is called for over the entire perioperative treatment period.

In the future, the definition of frailty will need to be standardized so that this parameter can be properly assessed and investigated in comparative studies.